本文是阅读SGI STL
源码中关于functor
部分的笔记
同样,本文仍然是建立在已经观看过侯捷老师STL源码剖析课程 的基础上。是在阅读源码过程中,对其中的内容进行补充、修饰。
functor 仿函数的行为类似于函数,但其可以作为算法的比较策略(优化算法的使用)
仿函数是一种重载了operator()
的模板类,主要用于STL中作为算法的判断条件。
分类 从操作数的个数 上分,可以将仿函数划分为一元仿函数和二元仿函数。
unary_function 一元仿函数,呈现一元函数的参数类型和返回值类型。
1 2 3 4 5 template <class _Arg , class _Result >struct unary_function { typedef _Arg argument_type; typedef _Result result_type; };
binary_function 二元仿函数,呈现二元函数的第一参数类型、第二参数类型,以及返回值类型。
1 2 3 4 5 6 template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 , class _Result >struct binary_function { typedef _Arg1 first_argument_type; typedef _Arg2 second_argument_type; typedef _Result result_type; };
从所实现的功能上划分,可以分为算数类、逻辑运算类、关系运算类。
算数类 — 加法(plus)、减法(minus)、乘法(multiplies)、除法(divides)
逻辑运算类 — 与(logical_and)、或(logical_or)、非(logical_not)
关系运算类 — 等于(equal_to)、大于等于(greater_equal)、小于(less)
下面具体介绍相关仿函数。
算数类仿函数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 template <class _Tp >struct plus : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,_Tp> { _Tp operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x + __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct minus : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,_Tp> { _Tp operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x - __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct multiplies : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,_Tp> { _Tp operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x * __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct divides : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,_Tp> { _Tp operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x / __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct modulus : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,_Tp> { _Tp operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x % __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct negate : public unary_function<_Tp,_Tp> { _Tp operator () (const _Tp& __x) const { return -__x; } };
关系运算类仿函数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 template <class _Tp >struct equal_to : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool > { bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x == __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct not_equal_to : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool > { bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x != __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct greater : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool > { bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x > __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct less : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool > { bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x < __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct greater_equal : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool >{ bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x >= __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct less_equal : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool > { bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x <= __y; } };
逻辑运算类仿函数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 template <class _Tp >struct logical_and : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool >{ bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x && __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct logical_or : public binary_function<_Tp,_Tp,bool >{ bool operator () (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x || __y; } }; template <class _Tp >struct logical_not : public unary_function<_Tp,bool >{ bool operator () (const _Tp& __x) const { return !__x; } };
Functor Adapter not1 创建返回传递的一元谓词的反义的函数对象
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 template <class _Predicate >class unary_negate : public unary_function<typename _Predicate::argument_type, bool > {protected : _Predicate _M_pred; public : explicit unary_negate (const _Predicate& __x) : _M_pred(__x) { } bool operator () (const typename _Predicate::argument_type& __x) const { return !_M_pred(__x); } }; template <class _Predicate >inline unary_negate<_Predicate> not1 (const _Predicate& __pred) { return unary_negate<_Predicate>(__pred); }
not2 同理,创建返回传递的二元谓词的反义的函数对象。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 template <class _Predicate > class binary_negate : public binary_function<typename _Predicate::first_argument_type, typename _Predicate::second_argument_type, bool > { protected : _Predicate _M_pred; public : explicit binary_negate (const _Predicate& __x) : _M_pred(__x) { } bool operator () (const typename _Predicate::first_argument_type& __x, const typename _Predicate::second_argument_type& __y) const { return !_M_pred(__x, __y); } }; template <class _Predicate >inline binary_negate<_Predicate> not2 (const _Predicate& __pred) { return binary_negate<_Predicate>(__pred); }
bind1st bind1st,bind2nd要求传入两个参数 第一参数为functor
、第二参数为value
。
将一个二元仿函数转化为一元,并将value
绑定为functor
的第一参数。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 template <class _Operation > class binder1st : public unary_function<typename _Operation::second_argument_type, typename _Operation::result_type> { protected : _Operation op; typename _Operation::first_argument_type value; public : binder1st (const _Operation& __x, const typename _Operation::first_argument_type& __y) : op (__x), value (__y) {} typename _Operation::result_type operator () (const typename _Operation::second_argument_type& __x) const { return op (value, __x); } }; template <class _Operation , class _Tp >inline binder1st<_Operation> bind1st (const _Operation& __fn, const _Tp& __x) { typedef typename _Operation::first_argument_type _Arg1_type; return binder1st<_Operation>(__fn, _Arg1_type(__x)); }
bind2nd 将一个二元仿函数转化为一元,并将value
绑定为functor
的第二参数。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 template <class _Operation > class binder2nd : public unary_function<typename _Operation::first_argument_type, typename _Operation::result_type> { protected : _Operation op; typename _Operation::second_argument_type value; public : binder2nd (const _Operation& __x, const typename _Operation::second_argument_type& __y) : op (__x), value (__y) {} typename _Operation::result_type operator () (const typename _Operation::first_argument_type& __x) const { return op (__x, value); } }; template <class _Operation , class _Tp >inline binder2nd<_Operation> bind2nd (const _Operation& __fn, const _Tp& __x) { typedef typename _Operation::second_argument_type _Arg2_type; return binder2nd<_Operation>(__fn, _Arg2_type(__x)); }
bind1st
将操作数作为二元仿函数的第一个参数,bind2nd
将操作数作为二元仿函数的第二个参数。
样例:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std;int main () { vector<int > vec = {1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 }; auto pos1 = find_if (vec.begin (), vec.end (), bind1st (less<int >(), 2 )); cout << pos1 - vec.begin () << endl; auto pos2 = find_if (vec.begin (), vec.end (), bind2nd (less<int >(), 2 )); cout << pos2 - vec.begin () << endl; return 0 ; }
compose1 一元组合仿函数适配器。将两个函数嵌套。
传入实现
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 template <class _Operation1 , class _Operation2 >class unary_compose : public unary_function<typename _Operation2::argument_type, typename _Operation1::result_type> { protected : _Operation1 _M_fn1; _Operation2 _M_fn2; public : unary_compose (const _Operation1& __x, const _Operation2& __y) : _M_fn1(__x), _M_fn2(__y) {} typename _Operation1::result_type operator () (const typename _Operation2::argument_type& __x) const { return _M_fn1(_M_fn2(__x)); } }; template <class _Operation1 , class _Operation2 >inline unary_compose<_Operation1,_Operation2> compose1 (const _Operation1& __fn1, const _Operation2& __fn2) { return unary_compose<_Operation1,_Operation2>(__fn1, __fn2); }
compose2 传入三个参数实现
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 template <class _Operation1 , class _Operation2 , class _Operation3 >class binary_compose : public unary_function<typename _Operation2::argument_type, typename _Operation1::result_type> { protected : _Operation1 _M_fn1; _Operation2 _M_fn2; _Operation3 _M_fn3; public : binary_compose (const _Operation1& __x, const _Operation2& __y, const _Operation3& __z) : _M_fn1(__x), _M_fn2(__y), _M_fn3(__z) { } typename _Operation1::result_type operator () (const typename _Operation2::argument_type& __x) const { return _M_fn1(_M_fn2(__x), _M_fn3(__x)); 实现fn1 (fn2 (x),fn3 (x)); } }; template <class _Operation1 , class _Operation2 , class _Operation3 >inline binary_compose<_Operation1, _Operation2, _Operation3> compose2 (const _Operation1& __fn1, const _Operation2& __fn2, const _Operation3& __fn3) { return binary_compose<_Operation1,_Operation2,_Operation3> (__fn1, __fn2, __fn3); }
ptr_fun c++11被弃用,被std::function
替代。
用于将函数包装成仿函数。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 template <class _Arg , class _Result >class pointer_to_unary_function : public unary_function<_Arg, _Result> {protected : _Result (*_M_ptr)(_Arg); public : pointer_to_unary_function () {} explicit pointer_to_unary_function (_Result (*__x)(_Arg)) : _M_ptr(__x) { } _Result operator () (_Arg __x) const { return _M_ptr(__x); } }; template <class _Arg , class _Result >inline pointer_to_unary_function<_Arg, _Result> ptr_fun (_Result (*__x)(_Arg)) { return pointer_to_unary_function<_Arg, _Result>(__x); } template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 , class _Result >class pointer_to_binary_function : public binary_function<_Arg1,_Arg2,_Result> { protected : _Result (*_M_ptr)(_Arg1, _Arg2); public : pointer_to_binary_function () {} explicit pointer_to_binary_function (_Result (*__x)(_Arg1, _Arg2)) : _M_ptr(__x) { } _Result operator () (_Arg1 __x, _Arg2 __y) const { return _M_ptr(__x, __y); } }; template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 , class _Result >inline pointer_to_binary_function<_Arg1,_Arg2,_Result> ptr_fun (_Result (*__x)(_Arg1, _Arg2)) { return pointer_to_binary_function<_Arg1,_Arg2,_Result>(__x); }
identity 将参数返回。接受任意类型的参数并使用完美转发,避免了在异构上下文中使用函数对象或带有右值参数时不必要的复制和转换。
1 2 3 4 5 6 template <class _Tp >struct _Identity : public unary_function<_Tp,_Tp> { const _Tp& operator () (const _Tp& __x) const { return __x; } }; template <class _Tp > struct identity : public _Identity<_Tp> {};
select1st/selece2nd 获取键值对中的第1/2个元素(map中获取Key
Value
)x.first /x.second
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 template <class _Pair >struct _Select1st : public unary_function<_Pair, typename _Pair::first_type> { const typename _Pair::first_type& operator () (const _Pair& __x) const { return __x.first; } }; template <class _Pair >struct _Select2nd : public unary_function<_Pair, typename _Pair::second_type>{ const typename _Pair::second_type& operator () (const _Pair& __x) const { return __x.second; } }; template <class _Pair > struct select1st : public _Select1st<_Pair> {};template <class _Pair > struct select2nd : public _Select2nd<_Pair> {};
project1st/project2nd 获取第1/2个元素,project1st/2nd(x,y) --- x/y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 >struct _Project1st : public binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Arg1> { _Arg1 operator () (const _Arg1& __x, const _Arg2&) const { return __x; } }; template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 >struct _Project2nd : public binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Arg2> { _Arg2 operator () (const _Arg1&, const _Arg2& __y) const { return __y; } }; template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 > struct project1st : public _Project1st<_Arg1, _Arg2> {};template <class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 >struct project2nd : public _Project2nd<_Arg1, _Arg2> {};
constant0/1/2 0/1/2元常(const
)仿函数(只返回一个常量,与参数具体值无关。)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 template <class _Result >struct _Constant_void_fun { typedef _Result result_type; result_type _M_val; _Constant_void_fun(const result_type& __v) : _M_val(__v) {} const result_type& operator () () const { return _M_val; } }; template <class _Result >struct constant_void_fun : public _Constant_void_fun<_Result> { constant_void_fun (const _Result& __v) : _Constant_void_fun<_Result>(__v) {} }; template <class _Result > inline constant_void_fun<_Result> constant0 (const _Result& __val) { return constant_void_fun<_Result>(__val); } template <class _Result , class _Argument >struct _Constant_unary_fun { typedef _Argument argument_type; typedef _Result result_type; result_type _M_val; _Constant_unary_fun(const result_type& __v) : _M_val(__v) {} const result_type& operator () (const _Argument&) const { return _M_val; } }; template <class _Result , class _Argument __STL_DEPENDENT_DEFAULT_TMPL (_Result )> struct constant_unary_fun : public _Constant_unary_fun<_Result, _Argument>{ constant_unary_fun (const _Result& __v) : _Constant_unary_fun<_Result, _Argument>(__v) {} }; template <class _Result > inline constant_unary_fun<_Result,_Result> constant1 (const _Result& __val) { return constant_unary_fun<_Result,_Result>(__val); } template <class _Result , class _Arg1 , class _Arg2 >struct _Constant_binary_fun { typedef _Arg1 first_argument_type; typedef _Arg2 second_argument_type; typedef _Result result_type; _Result _M_val; _Constant_binary_fun(const _Result& __v) : _M_val(__v) {} const result_type& operator () (const _Arg1&, const _Arg2&) const { return _M_val; } }; template <class _Result , class _Arg1 __STL_DEPENDENT_DEFAULT_TMPL (_Result ), class _Arg2 __STL_DEPENDENT_DEFAULT_TMPL (_Arg1 )> struct constant_binary_fun : public _Constant_binary_fun<_Result, _Arg1, _Arg2>{ constant_binary_fun (const _Result& __v) : _Constant_binary_fun<_Result, _Arg1, _Arg2>(__v) {} }; template <class _Result > inline constant_binary_fun<_Result,_Result,_Result> constant2 (const _Result& __val) { return constant_binary_fun<_Result,_Result,_Result>(__val); }
subtractive_rng 目前看来,传入一个随机种子,生成一个随机数。(具体作用不详)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 class subtractive_rng : public unary_function<unsigned int , unsigned int > { private : unsigned int _M_table[55 ]; size_t _M_index1; size_t _M_index2; public : unsigned int operator () (unsigned int __limit) { _M_index1 = (_M_index1 + 1 ) % 55 ; _M_index2 = (_M_index2 + 1 ) % 55 ; _M_table[_M_index1] = _M_table[_M_index1] - _M_table[_M_index2]; return _M_table[_M_index1] % __limit; } void _M_initialize(unsigned int __seed) { unsigned int __k = 1 ; _M_table[54 ] = __seed; size_t __i; for (__i = 0 ; __i < 54 ; __i++) { size_t __ii = (21 * (__i + 1 ) % 55 ) - 1 ; _M_table[__ii] = __k; __k = __seed - __k; __seed = _M_table[__ii]; } for (int __loop = 0 ; __loop < 4 ; __loop++) { for (__i = 0 ; __i < 55 ; __i++) _M_table[__i] = _M_table[__i] - _M_table[(1 + __i + 30 ) % 55 ]; } _M_index1 = 0 ; _M_index2 = 31 ; } subtractive_rng (unsigned int __seed) { _M_initialize(__seed); } subtractive_rng () { _M_initialize(161803398u ); } };
(const_)mem_fun(1)_t
允许使用指针参数初始化时不调用任何参数作为一元函数对象的成员函数。
(假定容器中所有的指针 所指向的类都包含相同的函数,借此可以在算法中均调用相应函数。如for_each遍历时,执行一些函数。)
对外接口形式 mem_fun(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 template <class _Ret , class _Tp >class mem_fun_t : public unary_function<_Tp*,_Ret> {public : explicit mem_fun_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)()) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (_Tp* __p) const { return (__p->*_M_f)(); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)(); }; template <class _Ret , class _Tp >class const_mem_fun_t : public unary_function<const _Tp*,_Ret> {public : explicit const_mem_fun_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)() const ) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (const _Tp* __p) const { return (__p->*_M_f)(); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)() const ; }; template <class _Ret , class _Tp , class _Arg >class mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<_Tp*,_Arg,_Ret> {public : explicit mem_fun1_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)(_Arg)) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (_Tp* __p, _Arg __x) const { return (__p->*_M_f)(__x); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)(_Arg); }; template <class _Ret , class _Tp , class _Arg >class const_mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<const _Tp*,_Arg,_Ret> {public : explicit const_mem_fun1_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)(_Arg) const ) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (const _Tp* __p, _Arg __x) const { return (__p->*_M_f)(__x); }private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)(_Arg) const ; };
测试样例如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std;class A { public : int DoSomething () { cout<<"do something" <<endl; return 0 ; } }; int main () { vector<A*> vec; A* a = new A (); A *b = new A (); A *c = new A (); vec.push_back (a); vec.push_back (b); vec.push_back (c); for_each(vec.begin (), vec.end (), mem_fun (&A::DoSomething)); delete a; delete b; delete c; return 0 ; }
(const_)mem_fun(1)_ref_t
与前文中(const_)mem_fun(1)_t
所实现的功能相同。不同之处:前面(无_ref
)在容器中存指针,这里(_ref
)在容器里存引用。
最终对外接口形式mem_fun(1)_ref
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 template <class _Ret , class _Tp >class mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<_Tp,_Ret> {public : explicit mem_fun_ref_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)()) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (_Tp& __r) const { return (__r.*_M_f)(); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)(); }; template <class _Ret , class _Tp >class const_mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<_Tp,_Ret> {public : explicit const_mem_fun_ref_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)() const ) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (const _Tp& __r) const { return (__r.*_M_f)(); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)() const ; }; template <class _Ret , class _Tp , class _Arg >class mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<_Tp,_Arg,_Ret> {public : explicit mem_fun1_ref_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)(_Arg)) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (_Tp& __r, _Arg __x) const { return (__r.*_M_f)(__x); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)(_Arg); }; template <class _Ret , class _Tp , class _Arg >class const_mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<_Tp,_Arg,_Ret> {public : explicit const_mem_fun1_ref_t (_Ret (_Tp::*__pf)(_Arg) const ) : _M_f(__pf) { } _Ret operator () (const _Tp& __r, _Arg __x) const { return (__r.*_M_f)(__x); } private : _Ret (_Tp::*_M_f)(_Arg) const ; };